Beta Deluxe Banner: Buy the R&D Pack for Terratech
Sumo Banners: You can only get this if you compete in Sumo. There will be some events soon, but I don't know when.
Kingdom banners: Join a Kingdom. It may take a while because Saiwun is the one giving them. You've joined SFS, so expect their banner in a few weeks or ask Saiwun directly.
Event-specific banners: There are some banners that are only given as a prize for a forum contest.
President, Vice-President, Mining Crew, etc: These are only given to people who helped during Terratech's Kickstarter campaign.
Canary: Help out in testing the game's unstable. Post bugs, glitches, etc. If you keep doing this, they might give you one.
Moderator: Just be a peace-keeper in the forums and eventually you might be offered one.